Types of Parenting Styles
In the 1960s, psychologist Diana Baumrind wrote a groundbreaking paper based upon her research in which she detailed three types of parenting styles she observed: authoritarian, permissive, and authoritative parenting.
Authoritarian Parenting
Parents who fall under this classification of parenting style are known for being strict and tend to demand absolute obedience from their children, no ifs, ands, or buts. Parents who practice authoritarian parenting do not believe they need to explain any of the rules they set and they expect children to obey, no questions asked. They exert their will over their children and punish them with little warmth or support. Children of authoritarian parents often exhibit low self-esteem, depression, anxiety, and fear as well as difficulty in some social situations.
Permissive Parenting
Parents who practice permissive parenting don’t discipline or impose rules; they don’t want to have any conflict with their children believe kids should regulate themselves. They are warm and emotionally responsive to their children, which is good; but they are reluctant to set boundaries or control their kids’ behavior, which really isn’t. They give in to their kids’ demands and ignore misbehavior, which can have negative consequences for kids. Research has shown that children who are raised by permissive parents are impulsive, disregard rules and limits, tend to have escalating levels of aggression and a higher risk of alcohol abuse as they get older. (It makes sense when considering that these children are not really given limits—this is why most kids will benefit from some form of boundaries and rules.)
Authoritative Parenting
This style of parenting is the “not too hot, not too cold” porridge of the parenting styles. It has elements of authoritarian parenting (parents set rules and limits, enforce rules, and give kids consequences when they do not follow them) but authoritative parents are emotionally responsive and warm and listen and communicate with their children. Authoritative parents give kids respect and listen (and expect kids to do the same) and encourage kids to be independent thinkers, but they do not give in to kids and expect cooperation and good behavior. When kids do something wrong, authoritative parents will discipline by talking with them about it, guiding and teaching their kids while modifying their expectations depending on the situation and a child’s individual needs.
Uninvolved Parenting
This fourth style, identified by researchers Eleanor Maccoby and John Martin in the early 1980s, describes a method of parenting in which there is little communication, lack of involvement in their kids’ lives, little warmth and responsiveness to kids’ emotional needs, and inadequate or insufficient attention to disciplining kids or supervising them. Uninvolved (or neglected) parenting is often associated with the worst outcomes for children.
Benefits of Authoritative Parenting
Out of all the parenting styles, children who are raised with an authoritative style of parenting have been shown to exhibit the best outcomes. Some of the many benefits of this approach for kids include the following:
They are more empathetic, kind, and warm. They may be more resistant to peer pressure. They become more responsible, are able to regulate themselves, and learn to make good decisions on their own. They have respect for adults, other people, and rules. They tend to have fewer social problems with peers, get along with teachers, and be more socially accepted at school. They tend to have secure attachments and better relationships with their parents. They’re not anxious or worried about who’s in charge because they know who is making decisions to make sure they are healthy and happy: the parents.
